Identity tokens

Identity tokens provide a secure and efficient way to access user data, especially on the server side. These tokens are JSON Web Tokens (JWTs) whose claims contain information about the currently authenticated user, including their linked accounts, metadata, and more.

Privy strongly recommends using identity tokens when you need user-level data on your server. They allow you to easily pass a signed representation of the current user’s linked accounts from your frontend to your backend directly, letting you verifiably determine which accounts (wallet address, email address, Farcaster profile, etc.) are associated with the current request.

Enabling identity tokens

To enable identity tokens for your application:

Navigate to your application dashboard’s User management > Authentication > Advanced section
Toggle on Return user data in an identity token
Make sure you’re using the latest version of the Privy SDK

Token format

Privy identity tokens are JSON Web Tokens (JWT), signed with the ES256 algorithm. These JWTs include the following claims:

linked_accounts

string

A stringified array containing a lightweight version of the current user’s linkedAccounts

custom_metadata

string

A stringified version of the current user’s customMetadata

sub

string

The user’s Privy DID

iss

string

The token issuer, which should always be privy.io

aud

string

Your Privy app ID

iat

number

The timestamp of when the JWT was issued

exp

number

The timestamp of when the JWT will expire (generally 1 hour after issuance)

Retrieving identity tokens

Once you’ve enabled identity tokens, Privy will automatically include the identity token as a cookie on every request from your frontend to your server.

For setups where you cannot use cookies, you can retrieve the identity token using the useIdentityToken hook:

import { useIdentityToken } from '@privy-io/react-auth';

function MyComponent() {
  const { identityToken } = useIdentityToken();
  
  // Use the token in your API requests
  const callApi = async () => {
    const response = await fetch('/api/your-endpoint', {
      headers: {
        'privy-id-token': identityToken
      }
    });
  };
  
  return (
    <button onClick={callApi}>Call API</button>
  );
}

We strongly recommend setting a base domain for your application, so that Privy can set the identity token as a more secure HttpOnly cookie.

Once you’ve enabled identity tokens, Privy will automatically include the identity token as a cookie on every request from your frontend to your server.

For setups where you cannot use cookies, you can retrieve the identity token using the useIdentityToken hook:

import { useIdentityToken } from '@privy-io/react-auth';

function MyComponent() {
  const { identityToken } = useIdentityToken();
  
  // Use the token in your API requests
  const callApi = async () => {
    const response = await fetch('/api/your-endpoint', {
      headers: {
        'privy-id-token': identityToken
      }
    });
  };
  
  return (
    <button onClick={callApi}>Call API</button>
  );
}

We strongly recommend setting a base domain for your application, so that Privy can set the identity token as a more secure HttpOnly cookie.

In React Native applications, you can get the current user’s Privy token using the getIdentityToken method from the useIdentityToken hook:

import { useIdentityToken } from '@privy-io/expo';

function MyComponent() {
  const { getIdentityToken } = useIdentityToken();
  
  const callApi = async () => {
    const idToken = await getIdentityToken();
    
    // For authenticated users, idToken will be a valid token
    // For unauthenticated users, idToken will be null
    
    if (idToken) {
      const response = await fetch('https://your-api.com/endpoint', {
        method: 'POST',
        headers: {
          'privy-id-token': idToken,
          'Content-Type': 'application/json'
        },
        body: JSON.stringify({ /* your data */ })
      });
    }
  };
  
  return (
    <Button onPress={callApi} title="Call API" />
  );
}

In Swift applications, the identity token can be accessed directly on the PrivyUser object. It will default to nil if it has not been configured. You can grab it with privy.user.identityToken:

// Check if user is authenticated
guard let user = privy.user else {
  // If user is nil, user is not authenticated
  return
}

// Access the identity token
if let identityToken = user.identityToken {
  print("Identity token: \(identityToken)")
} else {
  // Identity token has not been configured, defaults to nil
}

In Android applications, the identity token can be accessed directly on the PrivyUser object. It will default to null if it has not been configured. You can grab it with privy.user.identityToken:

// Check if user is authenticated
val user = privy.user
if (user != null) {
  // Access the identity token
  val identityToken = user.identityToken
  if (identityToken != null) {
    println("Identity token: $identityToken")
  } else {
    // Identity token has not been configured, defaults to null
  }
}

In Flutter applications, the identity token can be accessed directly on the PrivyUser object. It will default to null if it has not been configured. You can grab it with privy.user.identityToken:

// Check if user is authenticated
final user = privy.user;
if (user != null) {
  // Access the identity token
  final identityToken = user.identityToken;
  if (identityToken != null) {
    print("Identity token: $identityToken");
  } else {
    // Identity token has not been configured, defaults to null
  }
}

Reading identity tokens on your server

On your server, you can retrieve the identity token from incoming requests and use it to identify the user.

// pages/api/example.ts
import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next';
import { getUser } from '@privy-io/server-auth';

export default async function handler(req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse) {
  try {
    // Get identity token from cookie
    const idToken = req.cookies['privy-id-token'];
    
    // Or from header if sent that way
    // const idToken = req.headers['privy-id-token'];
    
    if (!idToken) {
      return res.status(401).json({ message: 'Unauthorized' });
    }
    
    // Parse and verify the token
    const user = await getUser({ idToken });
    
    // Now you can use the user data
    return res.status(200).json({ 
      userId: user.id,
      // Other user data...
    });
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Error verifying identity token:', error);
    return res.status(401).json({ message: 'Invalid token' });
  }
}

// pages/api/example.ts
import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next';
import { getUser } from '@privy-io/server-auth';

export default async function handler(req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse) {
  try {
    // Get identity token from cookie
    const idToken = req.cookies['privy-id-token'];
    
    // Or from header if sent that way
    // const idToken = req.headers['privy-id-token'];
    
    if (!idToken) {
      return res.status(401).json({ message: 'Unauthorized' });
    }
    
    // Parse and verify the token
    const user = await getUser({ idToken });
    
    // Now you can use the user data
    return res.status(200).json({ 
      userId: user.id,
      // Other user data...
    });
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Error verifying identity token:', error);
    return res.status(401).json({ message: 'Invalid token' });
  }
}

// app/api/example/route.ts
import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers';
import { getUser } from '@privy-io/server-auth';
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server';

export async function GET() {
  try {
    // Get identity token from cookie
    const cookieStore = cookies();
    const idToken = cookieStore.get('privy-id-token')?.value;
    
    // Or from header if sent that way
    // const headersList = headers();
    // const idToken = headersList.get('privy-id-token');
    
    if (!idToken) {
      return NextResponse.json({ message: 'Unauthorized' }, { status: 401 });
    }
    
    // Parse and verify the token
    const user = await getUser({ idToken });
    
    // Now you can use the user data
    return NextResponse.json({ 
      userId: user.id,
      // Other user data...
    });
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Error verifying identity token:', error);
    return NextResponse.json({ message: 'Invalid token' }, { status: 401 });
  }
}

import express from 'express';
import cookieParser from 'cookie-parser';
import { getUser } from '@privy-io/server-auth';

const app = express();
app.use(cookieParser());

app.get('/api/protected', async (req, res) => {
  try {
    // Get identity token from cookie
    const idToken = req.cookies['privy-id-token'];

    // Or from header if sent that way
    // const idToken = req.headers['privy-id-token'];

    if (!idToken) {
      return res.status(401).json({ message: 'Unauthorized' });
    }

    // Parse and verify the token
    const user = await getUser({ idToken });

    // Now you can use the user data
    return res.status(200).json({
      userId: user.id,
      // Other user data...
    });
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Error verifying identity token:', error);
    return res.status(401).json({ message: 'Invalid token' });
  }
});

app.listen(3000, () => {
  console.log('Server running on port 3000');
});

from privy import PrivyAPI

client = PrivyAPI(app_id="your-privy-app-id", app_secret="your-privy-api-key")

user = client.users.get_by_id_token(id_token)

print(user)

Accessing custom metadata

Privy allows you to set custom metadata for a user via backend API requests. This metadata is available in the custom_metadata claim of the identity token.

Here’s how to parse and access it:

import {PrivyClient} from '@privy-io/server-auth';
import * as jose from 'jose';

const client = new PrivyClient(PRIVY_APP_ID, PRIVY_APP_SECRET);

// Method 1: Using getUser (recommended)
async function getUserWithMetadata(idToken) {
  const user = await client.getUser({idToken});
  // Custom metadata is already parsed and available
  return user.customMetadata;
}

// Method 2: Manual parsing
async function parseCustomMetadata(idToken) {
  const verificationKey = await jose.importJWK(/* your verification key */);

  try {
    const {payload} = await jose.jwtVerify(idToken, verificationKey, {
      issuer: 'privy.io',
      audience: 'your-privy-app-id'
    });

    if (payload && payload.custom_metadata) {
      return JSON.parse(payload.custom_metadata);
    }

    return {};
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Error parsing identity token:', error);
    throw error;
  }
}

Refreshing the identity token

A new identity token is automatically issued when a user:

Authenticates into the application
Links or unlinks an account
Refreshes their application page
Calls getAccessToken when the access token is expired

To programmatically refresh the identity token, call refreshUser from the useUser hook:

import {useUser} from '@privy-io/react-auth';

function RefreshButton() {
  const {refreshUser} = useUser();

  return <button onClick={refreshUser}>Refresh User Data</button>;
}

To programmatically refresh the identity token, call refreshUser from the useUser hook:

import {useUser} from '@privy-io/react-auth';

function RefreshButton() {
  const {refreshUser} = useUser();

  return <button onClick={refreshUser}>Refresh User Data</button>;
}

To programmatically refresh the identity token, call client.user.get() from the usePrivyClient hook:

import {usePrivyClient} from '@privy-io/expo';
import {Button, View} from 'react-native';

function RefreshButton() {
  const client = usePrivyClient();

  const refreshUser = async () => {
    // Refresh and get the updated user data
    const user = await client.user.get();
  };

  return (
    <View>
      <Button title="Refresh User Data" onPress={refreshUser} />
    </View>
  );
}

Verifying the identity token

When your server receives a request with an identity token, you should verify the token’s signature to authenticate the user. The preferred way is to use the getUser method from @privy-io/server-auth, which handles verification and parsing:

import {PrivyClient} from '@privy-io/server-auth';

const client = new PrivyClient(PRIVY_APP_ID, PRIVY_APP_SECRET);

async function verifyAndGetUser(idToken) {
  try {
    // This verifies the token signature and parses the payload
    const user = await client.getUser({idToken});
    return user;
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Invalid identity token:', error);
    throw new Error('Authentication failed');
  }
}

The verifyAuthToken method will not work on identity tokens, as it is only used to verify Privy access tokens. Always use getUser({idToken}) when working with identity tokens.

For manual verification without using getUser, you can use JWT libraries like jose:

import * as jose from 'jose';

async function verifyIdentityToken(idToken) {
  // Import the public key
  const publicKey = await jose.importJWK({
    // Your public key in JWK format
  });

  try {
    // Verify the token
    const {payload} = await jose.jwtVerify(idToken, publicKey, {
      issuer: 'privy.io',
      audience: 'your-privy-app-id'
    });

    return payload;
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Token verification failed:', error);
    throw new Error('Authentication failed');
  }
}

Security considerations

For optimal security when working with identity tokens:

Always verify the token signature before trusting any claims
Check the expiration time (exp claim) to ensure the token is still valid
Set a base domain for your application to enable HttpOnly cookies for the identity token
Use HTTPS for all communication between your frontend and backend
Do not store sensitive information in custom metadata, as it will be included in the identity token

Read more about Privy’s tokens and their security in our security guide.

Migrating users to Privy

Users

Managing users

Webhooks

Enabling identity tokens

Token format

Retrieving identity tokens

Reading identity tokens on your server

Accessing custom metadata

Refreshing the identity token

Verifying the identity token

Security considerations

Migrating users to Privy

Users

Managing users

Webhooks

​Enabling identity tokens

​Token format

​Retrieving identity tokens

​Reading identity tokens on your server

​Accessing custom metadata

​Refreshing the identity token

​Verifying the identity token

​Security considerations

Enabling identity tokens

Token format

Retrieving identity tokens

Reading identity tokens on your server

Accessing custom metadata

Refreshing the identity token

Verifying the identity token

Security considerations